Capital markets play an outsized role in the global economy by helping grow businesses, finance new investments, and implement large-scale, capital-intensive projects. In the US alone, which accounts for approximately 40% of the equity and fixed income markets globally, they provide over 70% of equity and debt financing for non-financial corporations. However, capital markets are also vulnerable to financial crimes. This session will examine three case studies in capital markets trading manipulation, focusing on what went wrong, what manipulation techniques were used, how the illegal or otherwise irregular trades became possible and which internal controls could have prevented them in the first place.